By A couple of releases back, AutoCAD introduced Dynamic UCSs. Because dynamic is the opposite of static, what you get is a temporary coordinate system that changes as you move the mouse pointer over different planar faces of a 3D object. Click the Allow/Disallow Dynamic UCS button on the status bar, or press the F6 key to toggle Dynamic UCS on and off.
The UCS command offers ten options to help you define a new UCS. Access the UCS command options from the Coordinates panels on either the View tab or Home tab of the Ribbon. After you select one of these UCS options from the Ribbon, follow the command prompts at the command line or the Dynamic Input prompt. World: Align the UCS to match the WCS. Face: Align the UCS to the face of a 3D solid. View: Align the UCS so that the X plane is perpendicular to your current viewing direction. 3 Point: Specify a new origin for the UCS, and then the positive direction of the X- and Y-axes.
Alternatively, use the multifunction grips on AutoCAD’s UCS icon to create a new UCS by moving and realigning the icon. For more information on all the UCS command’s options, refer to AutoCAD’s online Help system.
The more UCSs in your drawing, the more you need help managing them. AutoCAD offers a handy-dandy UCS dialog box for doing just that.
Open it by clicking the dialog box launcher (the little arrow at the right end of the panel label) on the Coordinates panel of the View tab or Home tab, or simply type UCSMAN and press Enter. The three tabs in the UCS dialog box are. Named UCSs: Lists world coordinate system and other types of user coordinate systems. Set a UCS current with the Set Current button, or right-click a UCS to rename or delete a named UCS.
You can’t rename or delete the World UCS. Orthographic UCSs: Lists the six default orthographic coordinate systems (front and back, left and right, top and bottom) relative to the WCS.
These UCSs are automatically created by AutoCAD and can’t be deleted or renamed. Settings: Controls properties of both the UCS icon and the UCS.
After you define a UCS that you think you might want to use again, you can save it in the UCS dialog box. You do that in the following steps, which you begin by creating a solid box. Start a new 3D drawing by selecting codeacad3d.dwt (or acadiso3d.dwt for the metric crowd) for the template, and ensure that the 3D Modeling workspace is current. On the Modeling panel of the Home tab, click Box.AutoCAD prompts you: Specify first corner or Center:. Type 0,0,0 and then press Enter.
AutoCAD anchors the first corner of the box at the origin of the WCS and prompts: Specify other corner or Cube/Length:. Drag the cursor away from the first corner and click a point to set the length and width of the box. Exact distances don’t matter in this example. AutoCAD prompts you: Specify height or 2Point:.
Drag the cursor upward from the second corner and click to set the height of the box. AutoCAD creates the 3D box and exits the command. Then you define the UCS by following these steps:. Move the cursor over the UCS icon. The UCS icon shows the orientation of the world coordinate system. As you move the cursor over the icon, it turns a greenish-gold color, indicating that it can be selected.
Click to select the UCS icon. A square, multifunction grip appears at the origin, and round, multifunction grips appear at the ends of the icon’s legs. Move the cursor over each multifunction grip and look at the grip menus. Hovering over one of the round grips at the end of a leg lets you choose between realigning the selected axis and rotating the UCS around one of the unselected axes. Hovering the mouse pointer over the origin grip lets you move the UCS origin to a new location and either keep the current alignment of the X- and Y-axes or realign them. The third grip option, World, restores the WCS. Now you use the UCS icon’s multifunction grips to set a new UCS.
Click the UCS icon to select it, and then move the cursor over the square, multifunction grip at the origin. The cursor jumps to the origin, and the grip menu appears. From the grip menu, choose Move and Align. AutoCAD prompts you:.
MOVE AND ALIGN.Specify origin point or align to face, surface, or mesh:. Move the cursor to a different corner of the box, and when the UCS icon origin is over the corner, click to set the new origin. If you want, you can drag the round grips on the axes to realign the new UCS. Finally, you have to save it. Follow these steps:. On the Coordinates panel of the Home tab, choose UCS, Named UCS. AutoCAD displays the UCS dialog box.
With the Named UCSs tab current, select Unnamed in the UCSs list. The new, unnamed UCS is the current UCS in the drawing and is listed at the top of the list.
Right-click Unnamed and choose Rename from the shortcut menu. An in-place editor is displayed that allows you to rename the UCS.
Type a name for the new UCS and press Enter. The Unnamed UCS is renamed. The UCS dialog box closes, and the new UCS is saved in the drawing. To switch back and forth between the two UCSs, simply select the one you want to use from the Coordinates panel:. Use WCS: On the Coordinates panel of the Home tab, choose UCS, World. Use your custom UCS: On the Coordinates panel of the Home tab, click in the Named UCS drop-down list and choose the name of the UCS you just saved. AutoCAD likes giving you lots of choices.
You can also restore a named UCS from the UCS drop-down list at the bottom of the ViewCube. Or you can right-click the UCS icon, choose Named UCS, and then choose the UCS from the menu.
Sample geometry with different planes indicated with different colors. Aligning the UCS to Any Plane with Reference to Objects In Figure 1, the blue plane is perpendicular to the existing plane, as shown by the UCS in the lower-left corner. To change the UCS to align with the blue plane, select the Face option from the View drop-down menu in the Coordinates panel. Click the face on which you want to align the UCS and press Enter.
You will notice that your UCS will align to that plane. You can also use the three-point UCS option for aligning it to any plane.
The red plane is neither horizontal nor vertical with respect to the current UCS and it is aligned at an unknown angle. In order to align the UCS with respect to the red plane, select the three-point tool and click on any vertex of the plane. Now, specify the X axis by clicking at any second point along the edge of the plane. Then, specify the Y axis by clicking at another point along the edge of the plane. You will notice that the Z axis will align itself with respect to the assigned axes, as shown in Figure 2. UCS aligned with the red plane of the 3D object. Making a Drawing on Parallel Planes When you draw an object, it will always be done on the current XY plane.
If you want an object to be drawn on a plane parallel to an existing plane but at a certain distance from it, then you need to move your plane to that distance along the Z axis. To move the UCS so that the orientation of the XYZ axes remains unchanged, select the Origin tool from the Coordinates panel and click at a point along the Z axis. The point where you click will become the new origin and the UCS will align itself parallel to the previous plane at the new point. Aligning the UCS with Respect to 2D Objects You can also align the UCS with respect to a 2D object like a polyline or a circle. Let’s say that we have a drawing in which several 2D objects are made on different planes.
In order to make a new object on the same plane on which any existing 2D object is made, we need to first change the orientation of our UCS to that of the object. To do that, select the Object tool from the View drop-down menu in the Coordinates panel and click on the 2D object with which you want to align the coordinates. You will notice that your UCS will align to the new configuration and now you can make drawings on the plane of the selected objects.
There are also circumstances when you only have the Z axis vector of the 2D object and you want to make an object on a plane that is perpendicular to that Z axis. For these cases, you can use the Z-axis vector tool in the coordinates panel. I will explain this with the help of a simple example shown in Figure 3. Lines aligned to an unknown angle with respect to each other. Here we have two lines inclined at an angle with each other. If we want to make a circle in such a way that the center of the circle lies at the endpoint of the line (and it follows the path of the line when extruded), then we need to align the UCS with respect to these lines. Select the Z-axis vector tool from the Coordinates panel, click at any one of the end points of the line and click again at the next endpoint.
Now you can draw the circle at the end of the line and the end result will look like Figure 4. The XY plane aligned to the perpendicular direction with respect to one of the line segments. Moving the UCS to Predefined Configurations When you look at the view cube on the top-right side of the drawing window, you will notice that it has six faces.
You can align the UCS to make the XY plane parallel to any of these planes using the World drop-down menu in the Coordinates panel. As an example, to align the XY plane of the UCS with respect to the right view, select Right from World drop-down menu. You will notice that the right view of the UCS changes to the top view and that it is also parallel to the XY plane.
So far, we have changed the orientation of the UCS multiple times. At any point in time, if you want to return to the previous state of the UCS, click on the Previous tool in the Coordinates panel. If you want to reset the UCS to the default condition or to the world coordinate system (WCS), click on the World icon in the Coordinates panel.
Changing Properties of the UCS The default UCS in the AutoCAD 3D workspace will show three mutually perpendicular axes represented by X (red), Y (green) and Z (blue). You can change the position and shape of the UCS using the Properties menu. Click on the Properties icon in the Coordinates panel and a new UCS icon window will pop up as shown in Figure 5. Alternatively, you can also right click on the UCS and select Properties from the UCS icon settings submenu in the contextual menu. UCS icon properties window. From this window, you can change the UCS icon style to 2D or 3D and you can also change the line width of the UCS icon from the UCS icon style panel.
By default, the color of the UCS icon will remain white in the wireframe visual style of the model space, but you can change its color as well using the Color drop-down menu in the UCS icon color panel. In a similar way, the color of the UCS icon in the layout view can also be changed from the layout color tab.
Dynamic UCS So far, we have used a method of changing a plane in a drawing using the tools in the Coordinates panel, but there is one more method of creating geometries on a desirable plane by taking reference of existing 3D geometries. This method is called dynamic UCS. In order to use the dynamic UCS, click on its icon on the status bar. Alternatively, you can press F6 to activate the dynamic UCS option. Dynamic UCS icon on the status bar. Once the dynamic UCS is active, you will see the icon highlighted, as shown in Figure 6. If you are not able to find the dynamic UCS icon on the status bar, click on the Customize icon on the far-right side of the status bar and select the dynamic UCS from the menu.
For the dynamic UCS to work, you need to have a 3D geometry in the drawing area. To start working with the dynamic UCS, select the 2D Draw command that you want to use and then go to the plane on which you want to place the object.
You will notice that the plane becomes highlighted and the UCS will also change temporarily to show the selected plane as the XY plane. Click at the point on the plane and make your 2D drawing. This process of making geometries on 3D objects is easier compared with the methods shown above, but it has a limitation.
You need to have a reference 3D geometry and a plane for making the 3D curve. As soon as the cursor moves beyond the plane, the UCS will reorient itself to the default value selected and the object will not be drawn on the desired plane. Conclusion The methods shown above are most frequently used for manipulating UCS. Generally, you will use a combination of these methods to get the desired UCS orientation for making geometries. For a novice user, using coordinates can be an intimidating topic, but with practice, you will become really good at using the UCS.
Do you have questions related to this tip? Let us know in the comments below.
Understanding the World and User Coordinate systems in AutoCAD The World Coordinate System is based on the. Having an understanding of this coordinate system (which many people have, despite of probably never heard of the name) is essential to understanding how the WCS (and UCS) work within AutoCAD. Some of what is written below (quotes) I have taken from the.
There are two coordinate systems: a fixed system called the world coordinate system (WCS) and a movable system called the user coordinate system (UCS). By default, these two systems are coincident in a new drawing. Normally in 2D views, the WCS X axis is horizontal and the Y axis is vertical. The WCS origin is where the X and Y axes intersect (0,0). All objects in a drawing file are defined by their WCS coordinates.
However, it is usually more convenient to create and edit objects based on the movable UCS. By default when you start a new (blank) drawing you use the World Coordinate System (WCS). This is your (0,0,0) point.
Looking at the UCS icon, the square in the crosshairs tells you, you are using the World Coordinate System. This is also clear when looking below the compass. In the screenshot below you can see the WCS is active. When clicking on arrow it shows you have the WCS active and gives you the option to create a new User Coordinate System (UCS).
How to work with the User Coordinate System? Virtually all coordinate entry as well as many other tools and operations reference the current UCS. 2D tools and operations that depend on the location and orientation of the UCS include the following:. Absolute and relative coordinate entry.
Difference Between Ucs And Wcs
Absolute reference angles. Definition of horizontal and vertical for Ortho mode, polar tracking, object snap tracking, grid display, and grid snap. Orientation of horizontal and vertical dimensions. Orientation of text objects. View rotation using the PLAN command Moving or rotating the UCS can make it easier to work on particular areas of a drawing.
You can relocate the user coordinate system with methods such as the following:. Move the UCS by defining a new origin point.
Align the UCS with an existing object. Rotate the UCS by specifying a new origin point and a point on the new X axis. Rotate the current UCS a specified angle around the Z axis. Revert to the previous UCS.
Restore the UCS to be coincident with the WCS. Each of these methods have a corresponding option in the UCS command. Once you have defined a UCS, you can name it and then restore it when you need to use it again.
For instance: If you want to set a drawing to a newly determined zero-point, so you can use that particular point as the starting point for a coordinate system you need to use, you can just move the UCS to that new point. That point will then be the (0,0,0) point. You can even change the UCS angle if that is required. You can name them and save them, so you can switch between them. In Paperspace you need to keep in mind that the UCS only has a (0,0) point: An ‘X’ and a ‘Y’ coordinate.
When moving the UCS origin (see pictures below) you can see the square in the crosshairs is gone, meaning you use the User Coordinate System. Instead of seeing WCS underneath your compass you now see ‘Unnamed’, meaning your active UCS is still unnamed. To save your newly determined UCS do the following:. Click View tabUCS panelNamed UCS. The new UCS is displayed in the UCS list as UNNAMED. In the UCS dialog box, Named UCSs tab, select UNNAMED and enter a new name. (You can also select UNNAMED, and right-click.
Click Rename.). Click OK. You can use up to 255 characters, including letters, digits, and the special characters dollar sign ($), hyphen (-), and underscore. All UCS names are converted to uppercase. When you have determined a new UCS origin, and want to switch back to the World Coordinate System, you need to save you new UCS before you switch. Otherwise the new point UCS point will be lost.
There is much, much more to say about the UCS system, but these things are just the basics. Of course the command to use to manipulate your UCS is: UCS This will give you all sorts of options (to move, rotate, name, etc.) for your UCS. Thank you for the information about the UCS. I am often changing the UCS to align tooling to 3D parts that we produce. When I change to align with a part, I often do not want the Z component of the UCS to change from the world coordinate but using a couple of cylinder centers will often result in a Z component of as little as.0005mm and make my line non co-planer to my tools. I’m not sure I’m explaining this very well but if you understand it could you offer some way to avoid the Z factor? Thank you, Mike.
Well, truth be told, I have never before worked with UTM coordinates, but after looking into it a bit, it isn’t all that hard. Depending in which UTM zone you are in (I for one, am in zone 31U; 31 being the zone and ‘U’ being the latitude band; see also ).
Every UTM longitude zone has a particular Cartesian coordinate system (i.e. Local xy coordinate system) associated to it. The UTM easting and northing coordinates are the x and y coordinates, respectively, of this system. Each longitude zone (in my case zone 31) has a central meridian midway between its two bounding meridians. The central meridian of each longitude zone is assigned the easting coordinate 500000m (i.e., x= 500 000 m). The UTM northing ( y) coordinate increases continuously as one moves northward.
In the northern hemisphere the equator is assigned the northing coordinate of 0m N (i.e. In the southern hemisphere the equator is assigned the northing coordinate of 10000000m N (i.e., y=10 000 000 m). So, assuming you have the UTM coordinates for a particular zone, and lets say your survey points are located in the northern hemisphere, all you need to do is define your 0,0 ( x, y) point in your drawing. Your drawing needs to be set to the WCS (World Coordinate System) which you will have to define (somewhere in you title block information) as being the equator and 500 000 m west of the centerline (central meridian) of your particular zone.
Setting up your survey points should be very easy then, as you can set those up by simply placing them on the x and y axis. Depending on how precise your survey points are, you might want to set your units to mm, despite the UTM system being in meters. You can just at the UTM coordinates you have: If there are 3 digits after the comma (for instance, you can set up your drawing in mm (which I would recommend anyway, if you are using the metric system). Hopefully this will help a bit.
Specify origin of UCS Defines a new UCS using one, two, or three points:. If you specify a single point, the origin of the current UCS shifts without changing the orientation of the X, Y, and Z axes. If you specify a second point, the UCS rotates to pass the positive X axis through this point. If you specify a third point, the UCS rotates around the new X axis to define the positive Y axis. The three points specify an origin point, a point on the positive X axis, and a point on the positive XY plane.
If you do not specify a Z coordinate value when entering a coordinate, the current Z value is used. Object Aligns the UCS to a selected 2D or 3D object. The UCS can be aligned with any object type, including point clouds, except xlines and 3D polylines. Move the cursor over an object to see a preview of how the UCS will align, and click to place the UCS. In most cases, the UCS origin will be located at the endpoint that is nearest to the specified point, the X axis will align to an edge or tangent to a curve, and the Z axis will align perpendicular to the object. When moving the cursor over a point cloud, the origin of the UCS is moved to the nearest point of the point cloud object. If the point cloud has segmentation data (from Autodesk ReCap Pro) and a planar segment is detected at the cursor location, the UCS origin is moved to the nearest point on the plane and the XY axis of the UCS is aligned to the XY plane of the planar segments.
The X axis direction is determined by the intersection line between the plane of the planar segment and the WCS. Click to place the UCS. X, Y, Z Rotates the current UCS about a specified axis. Point your right thumb in the positive direction of the X axis and curl your fingers. Your fingers indicate the positive rotation direction about the axis.
Point your right thumb in the positive direction of the Y axis and curl your fingers. Your fingers indicate the positive rotation direction about the axis. Point your right thumb in the positive direction of the Z axis and curl your fingers. Your fingers indicate the positive rotation direction about the axis. You can define any UCS by specifying an origin and one or more rotations around the X, Y, or Z axis.
Copyright © 2004 AutoCAD 3D Training Manual ® Written by Kristen S. Kurland ® AutoCAD is a registered trademark of Autodesk, Inc. Chapter 1 Controlling Views 2 Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 3 Viewports Viewports Viewports 1.1 Screen divided into three tiled viewports -Vports Command 1. Type -VPORTS at the command prompt. Command: -vports Enter an option Save/Restore/Delete/Join/SIngle/?/2/3/4: enter Enter a configuration option Horizontal/Vertical/Above/ Below/Left/Right: enter Regenerating model. Click once in each vport to make it active.
Type a ZOOM option in each viewport. NOTE: AutoCAD plots only the current vport.
4 Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 5 Viewports Viewports New Viewports tab of the Viewports dialog 3D Viewports 1.2 6 1. Choose View, Viewports, New Viewports 2. Click the dropdown option for Setup and click 3D. Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 7 Preset Views Preset Views Preset Views 1.3 1. Choose View, Named Views 2. Click Orthographic & Isometric Views tab of the View dialog.
Click One of the following view options: Top Bottom Front Back Left Right Southwest Isometric Southeast Isometric Northeast Isometric Northwest Isometric 8 4. Click the Set Current button 5. Click the OK button Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 9 Vpoint Command Vpoint Command Vpoint Command (Tripod) 1.4 Point in the center of the compass is the north pole Displays a compass and tripod for defining a view rotation.
The compass represents a two dimensional globe. Choose Middle ring of the compass is the equator View, 3D Views, Vpoint or 2. Type VPOINT at the command prompt. Entire outer ring is the south pole Command: vpoint Rotate/: (enter) 3. Click Tripod a point on the compass to define the viewing angle.
Vpoint Command (Rotate) 1.5 Resultant viewport with new 3D view Enters a rotation angle at the viewpoint prompt. Choose View, 3D Views, Vpoint or 2. Type VPOINT at the command prompt. Command: vpoint Rotate/: R (enter) Enter angle in XY plane from X axis: 225 (enter) Enter angle from XY plane: 15 (enter) Regenerating drawing. 10 Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 11 Vpoint Command Vpoint Command DDVpoint Command 1.6 1.
Choose View, 3D Views, Viewpoint Preset or 2. Type DDVPOINT at the command prompt. Command: ddvpoint 3. Set a viewing angle by typing the From X axis and XY Plane angle. Angle from the X Axis or 4.
Pick Angle in the XY Plane a viewing angle in the 2 graphics Left graphic = From X Axis Right graphic = In XY Plane 5. Resultant viewport with new 3D view 12 Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 13 Vpoint Presets Vpoint Presets Vpoint Command (Vector Option) 1.7 Resultant viewport with entered coordinates -1,-1,1 Enters coordinates at the viewpoint prompt. Choose View, 3D Views, Vpoint or 2. Type VPOINT at the command prompt. Command: vpoint Rotate/: -1,-1,1 Regenerating drawing.
Other Preset Viewpoints 1.8 1. Choose View, 3D Views, and one of the following viewpoint options: Top, Bottom, Left, Right, Front, Back SW Isometric SE Isometric NW Isometric NE Isometric 14 Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 15 Plan View Plan View Plan View 1.9 1. Choose View, 3D Views, Plan View the one of the following: Current UCS, World UCS, Named UCS or 2. Type PLAN at the command prompt. Command: plan Enter an option Current ucs/Ucs/World: Regenerating model. 16 Current ucs Goes to the plan view of the current UCS.
Ucs At the command line type in a name of a previously named Coordinate System. World Goes to the plan view of the World Coordinate System.
Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 17 Chapter 2 Thickness and Elevation 18 Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 19 Thickness Thickness Thickness Command 2.1 Sets the current 3D solid thickness. Type THICKNESS at the command prompt. Command: thickness Enter new value for THICKNESS: 2.00 20 Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 21 Thickness Thickness Changing the Current Thickness 2.2 Changing the current properties of an object changes its thickness. Choose Modify, Properties. Type Changes the current thickness of an object DDMODIFY or DDCHPROP at the command prompt. Command: ddmodify or ddchprop or 3.
22 Choose from the Standard Toolbar Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 23 Elevation and Elev Shortcut Elevation and Elev Shortcur Elevation Command 2.3 Stores the current elevation relative to the current UCS for the current space. Type ELEVATION at the command prompt. Command: elevation Enter new value for ELEVATION: 2.00 24 Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 25 Shortcut to Elevation & Thickness Commands 2.4 1. Type ELEV at the command prompt. Command: elev Specify new default elevation:: Specify new default thickness:: 26 Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 27 Chapter 3 Visualizing the Model 28 Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 29 Hide Hide Hide Command 3.1 Objects Before Hidden Line Removal Regenerates a three-dimensional model with hidden lines suppressed. Type HIDE at the command prompt. Command: hide Regenerating Model.
Choose View, Hide. Objects After Hidden Line Removal 30 Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 31 Shade Shade Shade Command 3.2 Gourand Shaded (edges on) Displays a flat-shaded image of the drawing in the current viewport while performing a hidden line removal. Type Flat Shaded (edges on) SHADE at the command prompt.
Command: shade Regenerating Drawing. Choose View, Shade.
The following are various shade options: Gourand Shaded (edges on) 3D Wireframe Flat Shaded Gourand Shaded (Smoother) 32 Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 33 Shade Shade Shadedge Variable 3.3 Shaded Object Controls shading of edges in rendering. Type SHADEDGE at the command prompt. Command: shadedge Enter new value for SHADEDGE: (enter) 0 Faces shaded, edges not highlighted 1 Faces shaded, edges drawn in background color 2 Faces not filled, edges in object color 3 Faces in object color, edges in background color Shadif Variable 3.4 Sets the ratio of diffuse reflective light to ambient light (in percentage of diffuse reflective light). Type SHADEDIF at the command prompt.
Command: shadedif Enter new value for SHADEDIF:20 34 Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 35 3.2 Hidden Lines in Plots Hidden Lines in Plots Hidden Line Removal and Shade for Plots 3.5 If your drawing contains 3D faces, meshes, extruded objects, sur faces, or solids, you can direct AutoCAD to remove hidden lines or shade from specific viewports when you plot the paper space view. Type PLOT at the command prompt.
Command: plot 2. Choose the check box beside the option to remove hidden lines. Hides Lines for Plots 36 Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 37 Hidden Lines in Plots Hidden Lines in Plots Hidden Line Removal in Mviews (Paper Space) 3.6 1. Type MVIEW at the command prompt.
Command: mview Specify corner of viewport or ON/OFF/Fit/Shadeplot/Lock/Object/Polygonal/Restore/2/ 3/4: s Shade plot? As displayed/Wireframe/Hidden/Rendered: h Select objects: pick mview in paperspace. Select objects: enter NOTE: You do not see t,he effect of this command until you plot the drawing. Mview with Hidden Line Removal 38 Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 39 Chapter 4 Z Coordinates 40 Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 41 3D Coordinates 3D Coordinates Entering 3D Coordinates 4.1 3D Polyline Drawn with 3D Coordinates 3D Coordinates Entering 3D Cartesian coordinates (X,Y,Z) is similar to entering 2D coordinates (X,Y). In addition to specifying X and Y values, you specify a Z value. 3D Polyline 1.
Type Any command asking for a “point” at the command prompt. Command: 3DPOLY Specify start point of polyline: 1,1,0 Specify endpoint of line or Undo: 1,2,1 Specify endpoint of line or Undo: 2,2,1 Specify endpoint of line or Close/Undo: 2,1,0 Specify endpoint of line or Close/Undo: 1,1,0 42 Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 43 Moving in the Z Direction Moving in the Z Direction Moving in the Z Direction 4.2 Original Circle Draw at Elevation Zero Move Command To move an object in the Z direction, use the move command. Type MOVE at the command prompt.
Command: move Select objects: (pick object) 1 found Select objects: hit enter Specify base point or displacement: 0,0,0 Specify second point of displacement or: 0,0,1 44 Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Circle Moved -2 Units in the Z Direction Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 45 3D Point Filters 3D Point Filters 3D Point Filters 4.3 3D Point Filters To place a point 1 inch above the back left corner of the rectangle, you can use point filters. Before issuing the point filter command, use DDPTYPE and choose a visible point style.
Type Any command asking for a “point” at the command prompt. Command: point Point:.xy of end P1 of (need Z): 2 46 Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 47 Chapter 5 User Coordinate System 48 Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 49 Ucsicon Ucsicon UCS icon turned ON UCSICON 5.1 The UCS icon represents the orientation of the UCS axes and the location of the current UCS origin. It also represents the current viewing direction relative to the UCS XY plane.
Mspace UCSICON 1. Choose Pspace UCSICON View, Display, UCS Icon, On/Off. Type UCSICON at the command prompt.
Command: ucsicon Enter an option ON/OFF/All/Noorigin/ORigin: 50 ON Displays the UCS icon. OFF Turns off the display of the UCSICON. All Affects the display of the UCSICON in all viewports. Noorigin Always displays the UCS at the lower left corner. ORigin Shows the UCS at the 0,0,0 origin of the current UCS.
Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland UCS icon turned OFF Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 51 UCS Dialog Box & World UCS UCS Dialog Box & World UCS UCS Overview 5.2. Manages user coordinate systems. The user coordinate system provides an alternate movable coordinate system for coordinate entry, planes of operation, and viewing.
Most AutoCAD geometric editing commands are dependent on the location and orientation of the UCS. Type Enter an option New/Move/orthoGraphic/Prev/Restore/ Save/Del/Apply/?/World: Choose OrthoGraphic Specifies one of the six orthographic UCSs provided with AutoCAD. These UCS settings are typically used when viewing & editing 3D models Top/Bottom/Front/Back/Left/Right Previous Restores the previously saved UCS. Restore Restores a saved UCS. Save Names and saves a UCS. One of the following UCS options: Delete Removes a saved UCS definition.
New World Restores the World Coordinate System.? Lists the defined UCSs in the current drawing. Defines a new coordinate system by one of six methods: Origin, Z Axis, 3 Point, Object, Face, View X, Y, Z Origin 52 Redefines a UCS by shifting the origin or changing the Z-depth of the current UCS, leaving the orientation of its XY plane un changed.
UCS at the command prompt. Command: ucs 2. Move Defines a new UCS by shifting the origin of the current UCS, leaving the direction of the X,Y, and Z axes unchanged. ZAxis Allows you to define a new origin.
3 Point Specifies a UCS by its origin and a point on the positive X and Y axes. Object Lets you define a new coordinate s ystem by pointing at an entity (except a 3D polyline, polygon mesh, or viewport entity). Face Aligns the UCS to the selected face of a solid object.
View Establishes a new coordinate system whose XY plane is perpen dicular to your viewing direction (i.e. Parallel to your screen). X/Y/Z Rotates the ucs around a specified axis Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland UCS Toolbar UCSII Toolbar Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 53 UCS Dialog Box & World UCS UCS Dialog Box & World UCS World UCS 5.3 1. Type UCS at the command prompt. Command: ucs Current ucs name:.NO NAME. Enter an option New/Move/orthoGraphic/Prev/Restore/ Save/Del/Apply/?/World (press enter) World Returns the UCS back to the original World UCS.
NOTE: This is the UCS you should use when creating Wblocks and inserting Wblocks. It is the only UCS guaranteed to be the same in all AutoCAD drawings. Tip: To enter coordinates relative to the WCS. Precede coordinate values with an asterisk (.). Entering @.2,0,0 specifies a point two units in the X direction of the last point entered relative to the WCS. Entering @2,0,0 specifies a point two units in the X direction of the last point entered relative to the UCS. In practice, most coordinates are entered relative to the UCS rather than the WCS.
54 Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 55 UCS UCS 3 Point UCS 5.4 1. Type UCS at the command prompt. Setting the UCS with the 3 Point Method Command: ucs Enter an option New/Move/orthoGraphic/Prev/Restore/ Save/Del/Apply/?/World: n Specify origin of new UCS or ZAxis/3point/OBject/ Face/View/X/Y/Z: 3 Specify new origin point: pick origin Specify point on positive portion of X-axis: Specify point on positive-Y portion of the UCS XY plane: UCS modified 56 Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 57 Plan View of Current UCS Plan View and UCS 5.5 1. Type PLAN at the command prompt. Command: plan UCS View 5.6 1. Type UCS parallel to the View Instead of the Object UCS at the command prompt. Command: ucs Current ucs name:.NO NAME.
Enter an option New/Move/orthoGraphic/Prev/Restore/ Save/Del/Apply/?/World: n Specify origin of new UCS or ZAxis/3point/OBject/ Face/View/X/Y/Z: vOrigin/ZAxis/3point/ OBject/View/X/Y/Z/Prev/Restore/Save/Del/?/:V View 58 Establishes a new coordinate system whose XY plane is perpendicular to your viewing direction (i.e. Parallel to your screen). Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 59 UCS Object 5.7 1. Type UCS at the command prompt. Command: ucs Current ucs name:.NO NAME. Enter an option New/Move/orthoGraphic/Prev/Restore/ Save/Del/Apply/?/World: n Specify origin of new UCS or ZAxis/3point/OBject/ Face/View/X/Y/Z: vOrigin/ZAxis/3point/ OBject/View/X/Y/Z/Prev/Restore/Save/Del/?/:OB Object Defines a new coordinate system based on a selected 3D object.
The new UCS has the same extrusion direction (positive Z axis) as that of the selected object. 60 Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 61 AutoCAD Help Topics for New UCS Other New UCS Options 5.8 1. Type UCS at the command prompt. Command: ucs Current ucs name:.NO NAME. Enter an option New/Move/orthoGraphic/Prev/Restore/ Save/Del/Apply/?/World: n Specify origin of new UCS or ZAxis/3point/OBject/ Face/View/X/Y/Z: vOrigin/ZAxis/3point/ OBject/View/X/Y/Z/Prev/Restore/Save/Del/?/: 62 Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 63 UCS UCS Restoring the UCS 5.10 Saving the UCS 5.9 1.
Type UCS at the command prompt. Type UCS at the command prompt. Command: ucs Command: ucs Current ucs name:.NO NAME. Enter an option New/Move/orthoGraphic/Prev/Restore/ Save/Del/Apply/?/World: s Enter name to save current UCS or ?: 64 1.
Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Current ucs name:.NO NAME. Enter an option New/Move/orthoGraphic/Prev/Re store/Save/Del/Apply/?/World: r Enter name of UCS to restore or ?: 1 Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 65 UCS Dialog Box 5.11 1. Type UCS Dialog Box (DDUCS) DDUCS at the command prompt. Command: dducs 66 Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 67 Chapter 6 3D Orbit Commands 68 Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 69 3D Orbit Command, Pan & Zoom Introduction to 3D Orbit Command 6.1 D Orbit Command, Pan & Zoom Outside the Arcball - Moves View about an axis that extends through the center (acts like twist) Controls Interactive 3D Viewing 1.
Type 3DORBIT at the command prompt. Command: 3dorbit OR 2. Choose View, 3D Orbit. The 3D Orbit Arcball appears.
Click on one of the 3D Orbit arcball locations. Inside one of the small circles to the left/right - Rotates around the “Y” axis through the center. Inside the Arcball - Allows movement in any direction Inside one of the small circles to the top/bottom - Rotates around the “X” axis through the center. 70 Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 71 3D Orbit Command, Pan & Zoom D Orbit Command, Pan & Zoom Pan and Zoom in 3D Orbit 6.2 72 1. Click with the right mouse button while in the 3D Orbit command.
Choose PAN or ZOOM from the pop-up menu. Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 73 Projections, Shading & Visual Aids Projections, Shading & Visual Aids Shading 6.4 Projection Mode 6.3 1. Click with the right mouse button while in the 3D Orbit command. Choose Projection.
Choose Parallel or Perspective. Click with the right mouse button while in the 3D Orbit command. Choose Shading. Choose one of the shade options.
Parallel Displays objects so that two parallel lines in a drawing never con verge at a single point. The shapes in your drawing always remain the same and do not appear distorted when they are closer. Perspective Displays objects in perspective so that all parallel lines converge at one point. Objects appear to recede into the distance, and parts of the objects appear larger and closer to you. The shapes are some what distorted when the object is very close. This view correlates more closely to what your eye sees. 74 Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 75 Adjusting Camera Adjusting Camera Camer Swivel and Distancea 6.5 Simulates the effect of turning the camera.
Changes the target of the view. Click with the right mouse button while in the 3D Orbit command. Choose Swivel Camera. Choose a location in the view to change the camera. Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 77 Projections, Shading & Visual Aids Projections, Shading & Visual Aids Visual Aids 6.6 3D Grid Option 1.
Click with the right mouse button while in the 3D Orbit command. Choose Visual Aids. Choose one of the visual aids options. Compass Option TIP: Use GRIDUNIT to change the spacing of the grid units. UCS Icon 78 Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 79 Clipping Planes Clipping Planes Clipping Planes 6.7 Clipping Plane Options 1. Click with the right mouse button while in the 3D Orbit command. Choose one of the clipping planes options.
NOTE: If you have clipping planes ON when you exit the 3D Orbit command, they will remain ON. Adjusting Clipping Planes in the Clipping Plane Window 80 Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 81 Continuous Orbit Continuous Orbit Continuous Orbit 6.8 1. Click with the right mouse button while in the 3D Orbit command.
Choose Continuous Orbit. Click and drag to start the continuous 3D Motion. This movement controls the direction and speed of the orbit. Continuous Motion (Rt Click to change options) 82 Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 83 Chapter 7 Dynamic View - Perspective 84 Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 85 Dynamic View and Perspective Dynamic View and Perspective DView Camera Option 7.1 1. Choose Setting a Camera Location View, 3D Orbit or 2.
Type DVIEW at the command prompt. Command: dview Select objects or: pick objects Enter option CAmera/TArget/Distance/POints/PAn/Zoom/TWist/ CLip/Hide/Off/Undo: ca Specify camera location, or enter angle from XY plane, or Toggle (angle in): 30 Specify camera location, or enter angle in XY plane from X axis, or Toggle (angle from): 45 Enter option CAmera/TArget/Distance/POints/PAn/Zoom/TWist/ CLip/Hide/Off/Undo: Regenerating model.
Note: You can also twist and pick a camera location. 86 Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 87 Dynamic View and Perspective Dynamic View and Perspective DView Target Option 7.2 1.
Choose Setting a Target Location View, 3D Orbit or 2. Type DVIEW at the command prompt. Command: dview Select objects or pick objects: Select objects: enter Enter option CAmera/TArget/Distance/POints/PAn/Zoom/TWist/ CLip/Hide/Off/Undo: TA Specify camera location, or enter angle from XY plane, or Toggle (angle in): pick a target loca tion Enter option CAmera/TArget/Distance/POints/PAn/Zoom/TWist/ CLip/Hide/Off/Undo: enter Regenerating model. Note: You can also type a target location. 88 Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 89 Setting Camera Target with POints Setting Camera Target with POints Setting Camera Target with Points 7.3 Moves the camera in or out along the line of sight relative to the target.
Once a perspective view is set, zooming is not allowed. Zoom functions must be done in the DVIEW command. Choose View, 3D Dynamic View. Type DVIEW at the command prompt.
Or Command: dview Select objects: pick objects Select objects: enter CAmera/TArget/Distance/POints/PAn/Zoom/ TWist/CLip/Hide/Off/Undo/: PO 90 Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 91 Dynamic View and Perspective Dynamic View and Perspective Setting Perspective Distance 7.4 Moves the camera in or out along the line of sight relative to the target. Once a perspective view is set, zooming is not allowed. Zoom functions must be done in the DVIEW command. Choose Zoom to a Perspective View, 3D Dynamic View.
Type DVIEW at the command prompt. Command: dview Select objects: pick objects Select objects: enter CAmera/TArget/Distance/POints/PAn/Zoom/TWist/ CLip/Hide/Off/Undo/: D New camera/target distance: pick Resultant Perspective View Turning Perspective Off 7.5 1. Choose View, 3D Dynamic View. Type DVIEW at the command prompt.
Command: dview Select objects: pick objects Select objects: enter CAmera/TArget/Distance/POints/PAn/Zoom/TWist/ CLip/Hide/Off/Undo/: OFF 92 Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 93 Dynamic View and Perspective Dynamic View and Perspective Zooming in Dview 7.6 1. Choose Resultant View of Zoomed and Panned View, 3D Dynamic View. Type DVIEW at the command prompt.
Command: dview Select objects: pick objects Select objects: enter CAmera/TArget/Distance/POints/PAn/Zoom/TWist/ CLip/Hide/Off/Undo/: Z Adjust lens length: pick Panning in Dview 7.7 1. Choose View, 3D Dynamic View.
Type DVIEW at the command prompt. Or Command: dview Select objects: pick objects Select objects: enter CAmera/TArget/Distance/POints/PAn/Zoom/TWist/ CLip/Hide/Off/Undo/:PA Displacement base point: pick Second point: pick 94 Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 95 Dynamic View and Perspective Dynamic View and Perspective Clipping Objects 7.8 Resultant View of Clipped Objects 1. Choose View, 3D Dynamic View. Type DVIEW at the command prompt.
Command: dview Select objects: pick objects Select objects: enter CAmera/TArget/Distance/POints/PAn/Zoom/TWist/ CLip/Hide/Off/Undo/: CL Back/Front/: F Eye/: pick Twisting Objects 7.9 1. Choose View, 3D Dynamic View. Type DVIEW at the command prompt. Or Command: dview Select objects: pick objects Select objects: enter CAmera/TArget/Distance/POints/PAn/Zoom/TWist/ CLip/Hide/Off/Undo/: TW New view twist: pick 96 Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 97 Dynamic View and Perspective Dynamic View and Perspective Hidden Line Removal 7.10 1. Choose View, 3D Dynamic View.
Type DVIEW at the command prompt. Command: dview Select objects: pick objects Select objects: enter CAmera/TArget/Distance/POints/PAn/Zoom/TWist/ CLip/Hide/Off/Undo/: H 98 Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 99 Chapter 8 3D Model Objects 100 Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 101 Wire Frames Wire Frames Wireframes 8.1 A wireframe model is a skeletal description of a 3D object.
There are no surfaces in a wireframe model; it consists only of points, lines, and curves that describe the edges of the object. With AutoCAD you can create wireframe models by positioning 2D (planar) objects anywhere in 3D space. AutoCAD also provides some 3D wireframe objects, such as 3D polylines (that can only have a CONTINUOUS linetype) and splines. Because each object that makes up a wireframe model must be independently drawn and positioned, this type of modeling can be the most time-consuming. 102 Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 103 Surfaces Surfaces Surfaces 8.2 Surface modeling is more sophisticated than wireframe modeling in that it defines not only the edges of a 3D object, but also its surfaces.
The AutoCAD surface modeler defines faceted surfaces using a polygonal mesh. Because the faces of the mesh are planar, the mesh can only approximate curved surfaces. With Mechanical Desktop, you can create true curved surfaces. To differentiate these two types of surfaces, AutoCAD calls faceted surfaces, meshes.
104 Choose Draw, Surfaces. Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 105 Solids Solids Solids 8.3 Solid modeling is the easiest type of 3D modeling to use. With the AutoCAD solid modeler, you can make 3D objects by creating basic 3D shapes: boxes, cones, cylinders, spheres, wedges, and tori (donuts). You can then combine these shapes to create more complex solids by joining or subtracting them or finding their intersecting (overlapping) volume.
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You can also create solids by sweeping a 2D object along a path or revolving it about an axis. NOTE: Because each modeling type uses a different method for constructing 3D models and editing methods vary in their effect on the different model types, it is recommended that you not mix modeling methods. 106 Choose Draw, Solids. Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 107 Chapter 9 2D Solids and 3D Faces 108 Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 109 2D Solid and Hatch 2D Solid and Hatch 2D Solid 9.1 1. Choose Draw, Solids, 2D Solid.
Type SOLID at the command prompt. Command: solid First point: P1 Second point: P2 Third point: P3 Fourth point: P4 Third point: enter 2D Hatch 9.2 1. Choose Draw, Hatch.
Choose the Other Predefined tab. Choose Solid.
NOTE: 2D Solids and Hatches cannot be rendered or shaded. 110 Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 111 3D Faces 3D Faces 3D Face 9.3 3DFACE creates a three- or four-sided surface anywhere in 3D space. You can specify different Z coordinates for each corner point of a 3D face. 3DFACE differs from SOLID, which creates a threeor four-sided surface that is parallel to the current UCS and can be extruded.
With 3DFACE, you control which edges of a 3D face are visible, allowing accurate modeling of objects with holes. Entering i or invisible before the first point of an edge makes the edge invisible. Choose Draw, Surfaces, 3D Face. Type 3DFACE at the command prompt. Command: 3dface First point: pick Second point: pick Third point: pick Fourth point: pick Third point: enter 112 Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 113 Edges Edges Edge 9.4 1. Choose Draw, Surfaces, Edge. Type EDGE at the command prompt.
Command: edge Display/: pick a 3D edge 114 Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 115 Invisible Faces Invisible Faces 3D Invisible Edge 9.5 1. Choose Draw, Solids, 3D Face. Type 3DFACE at the command prompt. Command: 3dface First point: P1 Second point: P2 Third point: i P3 Fourth point: P4 Third point: i P5 Fourth point: P6 Third point: P7 Fourth point: P8 Third point: enter NOTE: You must enter an “i” for invisible before the face is chosen. 116 Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland Copyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland 117 Pface Pface Pface 9.7 Face 3, vertex 2: Enter a vertex number or Color/Layer: 5 1. Type PFACE at the command prompt.